• The difficulty of characterizing nAChRs in the central nervo

  2025-02-27

  

  The difficulty of characterizing nAChRs in the central nervous system is also exemplified by early observations that nicotine caused no detectable effect when applied on a brain slice and it is only with the focal and high time resolution of more recent experiments that the effects of nicotinic neur

• Finally we show that the optimal

  2025-02-27

  

  Finally, we show that the optimal corporate tax rate is strictly positive, balancing the increase in tax revenues against the loss in consumer surplus due to higher prices and fewer firms (products). This result is related to the well-known “excessive entry theorem” that shows, for a large class of

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Hypospadias is a common c

  2025-02-27

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation in males, in which the urethral orifice is found on the ventral side of the penis as a result of incomplete fusion of urethral folds. The mean prevalence in per 10,000 live births from 1910 to 2013 were: Europe 19.9,

• br Dual role of autophagy in

  2025-02-27

  

  Dual role of autophagy in human diseases Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy serves as a double-edged sword in several human diseases, such as CNS diseases (Rubinsztein et al., 2015), arteriosclerosis (Schrijvers et al., 2011) and cancer (Ozpolat and Benbrook, 2015). Likewise, currently the

• Several approved and or experimental drugs together with nat

  2025-02-27

  

  Several approved and/or experimental drugs, together with natural compounds, have been reported to induce autophagy in different cancer types [70], [71], [72] (Table 1). In the next paragraphs, we will review more in detail a group of these agents selected in relation to their promising future outco

• On the other hand there were only

  2025-02-27

  

  On the other hand, there were only a few cases that expressed DA2R in our study. Additionally, in the cases whose ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas expressed DA2R, the ratio of positive staining N-Nonyldeoxynojirimycin was very low. This suggests that dopamine agonists may be less effective in cani

• Our research is the first

  2025-02-27

  

  Our research is the first to report that administration of HMW-HA is an effective strategy to defend against PM2.5-induced disruption of pulmonary epithelial barrier and lung injury, and addresses that HMW-HA restricts PM2.5-induced epithelial apoptosis through reducing oxidative stress and followin

• Several structural classes of ASK

  2025-02-27

  

  Several structural Tryptone of ASK1 inhibitors, mostly from industry but also from academia, have been identified over the last decade. In 2012, Terao et al. (Takeda) reported imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine () as a potent ASK1 inhibitor derived from structure-based drug design. GSK, Merck and Gilead revea

• The accumulation of oxidized low density lipoprotein oxLDL i

  2025-02-27

  

  The accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is one of the many causes of the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis (Virmani et al., 2002; Pirillo et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2016; Tabas, 2010). oxLDL-induced apoptosis of macrophages contributes to the forma

• br Conclusions br Acknowledgements We would like

  2025-02-27

  

  Conclusions Acknowledgements We would like to thank the members of the Bergmann lab for fruitful discussions in the course of this work. This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) under award number R35 GM118330. The content is solely the responsibil

• br Introduction O Dowd et al identified a

  2025-02-27

  

  Introduction O’Dowd et al. identified a gene very similar to angiotensin type-1 receptor in 1993 (O’Dowd et al., 1993). The specific selective ligand of this receptor called APJ receptor was determined by Tatemoto et al. in 1998 as apelin (Tatemoto et al., 1998). The high expression of apelin an

• The first identified auxiliary subunit stargazin

  2025-02-26

  

  The first identified auxiliary subunit, stargazin, is essential for AMPAR function in cerebellar granule neurons (Hashimoto et al., 1999). Subsequently, a family of six transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) were defined that modify channel trafficking, gating, and pharmacology (Kato and Br

• For patients who have taken advantage of

  2025-02-26

  

  For patients who have taken advantage of the anti-TKIs and whose follow-up has been succeeded, some partial response has been noticed with 45% (9/20) for gefitinib, 39% (9/23) for erlotinib and 56.5% (13/23) for crizotinib. A disease progression has also been observed with 35% (7/20) for gefitinib,

• br Author contributions br Competing

  2025-02-26

  

  Author contributions Competing interests Transparency document Acknowledgments This research was funded by a TOP ZonMW grant (40-00812-98-10054) to R.O.E., a DFG grant (KR4391/1-1) and IZKF Erlangen grant (J36) to A.K. and supported in part by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de

• br Role of autophagy in alcoholic cardiomyopathy br Concludi

  2025-02-26

  

  Role of autophagy in alcoholic cardiomyopathy Concluding remarks The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in alcoholic cardiac injury has been recognized despite the seemingly beneficial effects of low to moderate alcohol consumption [8]. Although oxidative stress is well established in the pa

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