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  • br Conclusion Despite its limitations this research addresse

    2018-11-05


    Conclusion Despite its limitations, this research addressed several aspects of fall prevention and rehabilitation. First, it leukotriene receptor agonist showed that frailty and falls were closely interrelated; falls may be a reliable indicator of frailty and may be systematically researched by professionals as a screening tool (Ensrud et al., 2008; Kiely, Cupples, & Lipsitz, 2009). Second, our research demonstrated that falling caused a decrease in social participation and an increase in social support. This social impact of falls may become an outcome for preventive or rehabilitative interventions. In a few cases, the social benefits of the interventions were highlighted as determinants of retention (Kwok, 2008; Nyman, 2011). However, to our knowledge, such interventions did not measure the effect of social participation on changes in the caregivers’ burden or in the intensity or nature of social support. Our research underlined the fact that falls not only have consequences in terms of physical and mental health but also have social impacts, which should be better assessed in future studies and in prevention and rehabilitation programmes.
    Introduction Partner, parent, and employee are the three main social roles occupied by middle-aged individuals. Profound changes in family and employment patterns have occurred in Germany during the last few decades. Pluralization of living arrangements is demonstrated by increasing rates of single-person households, cohabitation, same-sex unions, lone-parent families, and decreasing birth rates. In 2013, 14.0% of women and 24.2% of men aged 30–54 years were living in single-person households. Additionally, 21.4% of women and 19.6% of men in this age group were living with partners but without children, whereas 50.1% of women and 47.1% of men were living with their partners and children. The percentage of single parents from all persons aged 30–54 years was 11.1% among women and 1.6% among men (Federal Statistical Office of Germany, 2015). Furthermore, there has been a significant increase in employment among women. In 2013, the employment rate for men aged 30–54 was 89.4%, and that for women was 79.2%. Whereas only 6.2% of men aged 30–54 work part time, more than half of women do (52.0%) (Federal Statistical Office of Germany, 2014). Thus, both women and men commonly play multiple roles. The association between health and fulfilling multiple roles, such as living with a partner, having children, and being active in the labor market, is generally discussed from the viewpoint of two contrary hypotheses: the multiple role burden and multiple role attachment hypotheses (Benzeval, 1998; Hewitt, Baxter, & Western, 2006). The multiple role burden hypothesis states that combining work and family roles increases the burden of responsibility, especially for women; this, in turn, increases the pressure and stress associated with competing roles and eventually has a negative impact on health. Multiple roles may create role conflicts or role overload owing to time and energy limitations, resulting in stress and poor health. Alternatively, the multiple role attachment hypothesis argues that multiple responsibilities provide attachment to broader networks and communities that provide people with social support, resources, self-esteem, social ties, and obligations that enhance health (Barnett & Hyde, 2001). Various studies have found that married persons are healthier and live longer than do single, divorced, or widowed persons (Clouston & Quesnel-Vallée, 2012; Helmert & Shea, 1998; Hu & Goldman, 1990; Joung, van de Mheen, Stronks, van Poppel, & Mackenbach, 1994; Joutsenniemi et al., 2006; Lindstrom, 2009). Findings for cohabitation are less clear than those for marriage (Artazcoz, Cortès, Borrell, Escribà-Agüir, & Cascant, 2011; Hewitt et al., 2006). Whereas some research has shown that men receive greater health benefits from marriage than do women (Hu & Goldman, 1990; Ross, Mirowsky, & Goldsteen, 1990), other studies have found no gender differences (Hewitt et al., 2006; Muhammad & Gagnon, 2010; Umberson, Williams, Powers, Liu, & Needham, 2006).